Glossary Terms

A phospholipid found exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it constitutes approximately 20% of the total lipid content. Cardiolipin’s […]

The voltage difference (ΔΨm) across the inner mitochondrial membrane, generated by the electron transport chain pumping protons from the mitochondrial

Chemically reactive molecules derived from molecular oxygen, including superoxide (O₂⁻), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and hydroxyl radicals (·OH). ROS are natural

A condition in which the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other oxidizing molecules exceeds the body’s antioxidant defense

A state in which a cell permanently exits the cell division cycle but remains metabolically active and resistant to apoptosis

Repetitive DNA sequences (TTAGGG in humans) capping the ends of chromosomes, protecting them from degradation and fusion during cell division.

A cellular housekeeping process in which cells digest and recycle their own damaged or unnecessary components—organelles, misfolded proteins, and other

A research design in which investigators observe and record outcomes without assigning treatments or interventions. Participants are not randomized; the

The systematic tendency for studies with positive, statistically significant results to be published more readily than studies with negative, null,

A systematic error in study design or data collection that occurs when the participants included in a study are not