Glossary Terms

A major cell survival and growth signaling relay — activated by IGF-1, KGF, and other growth factors to tell cells

What the body does to the compound — how it’s absorbed, where it goes, how it’s broken down, and how

What the compound does to the body — how it works, what it activates, what changes as a result.Covers receptor

The chemical link that joins amino acids together to form a peptide — and the bond that digestive enzymes break

A small protein — a chain of amino acids, shorter than a full protein, that acts as a biological signal

Attaching chains of PEG (a inert polymer) to a peptide to make it last longer in the body and be

When a cell releases a signal that acts on neighboring cells in the same tissue — local communication, not systemic

The probability that the study’s result could have occurred by chance alone — conventionally, below 5% (pA p-value does not

An FDA status for drugs targeting rare diseases — comes with development incentives and market exclusivity, but is not itself

Using an approved drug for a purpose not listed in its official FDA approval — legal when prescribed by a