Glossary Terms

A tumor arising from hormone-producing cells—often slow-growing but capable of secreting excess hormones that cause symptoms.Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) arise from

A measurement of how much mineral (mostly calcium) is packed into your bones—the standard test for osteoporosis.Bone mineral density (BMD)

The deepest stage of sleep—when your body does most of its physical repair work and your brain consolidates memories.Slow-wave sleep

The two-way communication highway between your gut and your brain—including nerves, hormones, and immune signals.The gut-brain axis encompasses bidirectional communication

The two-layer fat membrane that surrounds every cell—it controls what gets in and out.The lipid bilayer is the fundamental structural

The breaking down of proteins and peptides into smaller pieces—the reason injectable peptides don’t last long in your body.Proteolysis is

A study where some participants receive an inactive treatment—the gold standard for proving a drug actually works beyond the placebo

The cell that breaks down bone—it dissolves old or damaged bone so osteoblasts can replace it with new tissue.Osteoclasts are

How most antimicrobial peptides kill bacteria—they punch holes in or dissolve bacterial cell membranes.Membrane disruption is the primary bactericidal mechanism

The total drug exposure your body receives over time—calculated from a graph of blood levels, it captures both how high