A condition where bones become so thin and fragile that they break easily—especially at the spine, hip, and wrist.Osteoporosis is characterized by reduced bone mineral density (T-score ≤ −2.5) and deteriorated bone microarchitecture, resulting in increased fracture risk. Bone remodeling imbalance—where osteoclast resorption exceeds osteoblast formation—drives progressive bone loss. Peptide therapeutics for osteoporosis include anabolic agents (teriparatide, abaloparatide) that stimulate bone formation, and calcitonin that inhibits osteoclast resorption. The distinction between antiresorptive and anabolic mechanisms is clinically significant.P↑ Top