Small signaling proteins secreted by immune and other cells that coordinate inflammation and immune responses — the "messenger chemicals" of the immune system.Includes interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17), tumor necrosis factors (TNF-α), interferons, and chemokines. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6) amplify inflammatory responses. Anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β) dampen them. Many peptides modulate cytokine production — typically by reducing pro-inflammatory and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines via NF-κB inhibition. The clinical significance of cytokine changes observed in in vitro or animal studies is not always reflected in human outcomes.D↑ Top